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Study of nucleation and growth dynamic events of cubic-phase ice crystals at TiO₂–water nanointerface.

The nucleation and growth of nanoparticles are critical processes determining the size, shape, and properties of resulting nanoparticles. However, understanding the complex mechanisms guiding the formation and growth of colloidal multielement alloy nanoparticles remains incomplete due to the involvement of multiple elements with different properties. This study investigates in situ colloidal synthesis of multielement alloys using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in a liquid cell. Two different pathways for nanoparticle formation in a solution containing Au, Pt, Ir, Cu, and Ni elements, resulting in two distinct sets of particles are observed. One set exhibits high Au and Cu content, ranging from 10 to 30 nm, while the other set is multi‐elemental, with Pt, Cu, Ir, and Ni, all less than 4 nm. The findings suggest that, besides element miscibility, metal ion characteristics, particularly reduction rates, and valence numbers, significantly impact particle composition during early formation stages. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations confirm differences in nanoparticle composition and surface properties collectively influence the unique growth behaviors in each nanoparticle set. This study illuminates mechanisms underlying the formation and growth of multielement nanoparticles by emphasizing factors responsible for chemical separation and effects of interplay between composition, surface energies, and element miscibility on final nanoparticles size and structure.